The lion and the bull are significant figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. They represent different aspects of Indian culture and tradition, such as power, strength, fertility and royalty.
In Indian mythology, the lion is often associated with the god Narasimha, an avatar of Vishnu who is depicted as half-man and half-lion. Narasimha is revered as a protector deity and is believed to be able to defeat evil and defend the righteous. The lion is also the vehicle of the goddess Durga, who is often depicted riding a lion or standing on top of one¹. Durga is a powerful goddess who symbolizes feminine energy and courage. The lion is also a symbol of royalty and is associated with the Hindu god Shiva. Shiva is the supreme god of destruction and regeneration, and is often depicted with a lion skin around his waist.
The bull is often associated with fertility and strength. It is a symbol of power and is also associated with the Hindu god Shiva. Shiva is often depicted with a bull named Nandi as his vehicle or companion. Nandi is a loyal and devoted servant of Shiva, who guards his abode and carries his messages. The bull is also a symbol of the first Jain Tirthankara Adinatha. Adinatha is the founder of Jainism, a religion that emphasizes non-violence and respect for all living beings. The bull is also related to birth in Buddhism, as it is one of the four auspicious animals that appeared at the time of Buddha's birth.
In Indian art and architecture, the lion and the bull are often depicted in various forms, such as sculptures, paintings, seals, coins and currency notes. They are often found in temples, palaces and other important buildings, symbolizing the power and strength of the gods and kings. Some examples are:
The Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka, which is the national emblem of India. It consists of four lions standing back to back on a circular base with four smaller animals (an elephant, a horse, a bull and a lion) separated by wheels over a lotus flower. It represents the spread of Buddhism by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.
The Rampurva Bull Capital, which is one of the pillars erected by Ashoka across his empire. It consists of a single bull standing on a circular base with floral motifs. It represents the Mauryan art and architecture that flourished under Ashoka's rule.
The Yali, which is a mythical creature with the head and body of a lion and sometimes other features such as horns, wings or tusks. It is often carved on pillars, walls and entrances of temples and palaces, especially in South India. It represents the protection and guardianship of the sacred spaces.
The Gavaksha, which means "bull's eye" in Sanskrit. It is a circular or oval window that is often found in caves, temples and other structures. It allows natural light to enter the interior spaces and creates a sense of openness.
Therefore, the lion and the bull are significant figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture, representing different aspects of Indian culture and tradition. They are important symbols that continue to be revered and respected in Indian society today.