UPSC CSE 2021 Main GS Paper 1
Question - To What extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment
Answer
The moderates played a crucial role in the Indian freedom movement by preparing a base for the wider freedom struggle. They provided an ideological base for the growth of the freedom movement, created an understanding of common political, economic and cultural interests of Indians across the length and breadth of the country, and helped to educate and mobilize the masses. Some of their contributions are:
They exposed the exploitative nature of British colonialism and its impact on India's economy, society, and culture. For example, Dadabhai Naoroji's economic critique of colonial rule in his book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' created conviction about the drain of wealth from India to Britain. He also became the first Indian to become a member of the House of Commons in Britain and raised the voice of India there.
They demanded constitutional reforms and greater participation of Indians in the administration and legislation. They used methods of petitions, resolutions, memoranda, and delegations to put forward their demands to the British authorities. They also formed associations and organizations to mobilize public opinion and pressurize the government. For example, Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society to train Indians for public service. He also advocated for the expansion and reform of legislative councils, education, social welfare, and self-government.
They promoted national unity and consciousness among Indians by highlighting their common grievances and aspirations. They also fostered a sense of pride and respect for India's rich heritage and culture. They used newspapers, journals, books, pamphlets, speeches, and conferences to spread their message and influence public opinion. For example, G Subramania Aiyer founded 'The Hindu' newspaper where he criticized British imperialism. He also founded Tamil newspaper 'Swadesamitran'. Sir Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Association which later merged with the Indian National Congress (INC).
They inspired and influenced many future leaders and activists of the freedom movement. They provided a platform for political dialogue and debate among Indians from different regions, religions, languages, and backgrounds. They also established contacts with international movements and leaders who supported India's cause. For example, Gopal Krishna Gokhale was regarded as Mahatma Gandhi's political guru who inspired him to travel around India to learn about the condition and needs of the nation. Gandhi would later catalyze the biggest mass movements in the history of the world.
Therefore, the moderates prepared a base for the wider freedom movement by laying the foundation for political awakening, constitutional agitation, national integration, and international solidarity among Indians.